Financial Instruments
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company manages the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and interest rate movements on its earnings, cash flows and fair values of assets and liabilities through operational means and through the use of various financial instruments, including derivative instruments.
A significant portion of the Company’s revenues and earnings in foreign affiliates is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. The objectives and accounting related to the Company’s foreign currency risk management program, as well as its interest rate risk management activities are discussed below.
Foreign Currency Risk Management
The Company has established revenue hedging, balance sheet risk management and net investment hedging programs to protect against volatility of future foreign currency cash flows and changes in fair value caused by volatility in foreign exchange rates.
The objective of the revenue hedging program is to reduce the potential for longer-term unfavorable changes in foreign exchange rates to decrease the U.S. dollar value of future cash flows derived from foreign currency denominated sales, primarily the euro and Japanese yen. To achieve this objective, the Company will hedge a portion of its forecasted foreign currency denominated third-party and intercompany distributor entity sales that are expected to occur over its planning cycle, typically no more than three years into the future. The Company will layer in hedges over time, increasing the portion of third-party and intercompany distributor entity sales hedged as it gets closer to the expected date of the forecasted foreign currency denominated sales. The portion of sales hedged is based on assessments of cost-benefit profiles that consider natural offsetting exposures, revenue and exchange rate volatilities and correlations, and the cost of hedging instruments. The hedged anticipated sales are a specified component of a portfolio of similarly denominated foreign currency-based sales transactions, each of which responds to the hedged currency risk in the same manner. The Company manages its anticipated transaction exposure principally with purchased local currency put options, which provide the Company with a right, but not an obligation, to sell foreign currencies in the future at a predetermined price. If the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the currency of the hedged anticipated sales, total changes in the options’ cash flows offset the decline in the expected future U.S. dollar equivalent cash flows of the hedged foreign currency sales. Conversely, if the U.S. dollar weakens, the options’ value reduces to zero, but the Company benefits from the increase in the U.S. dollar equivalent value of the anticipated foreign currency cash flows.
In connection with the Company’s revenue hedging program, a purchased collar option strategy may be utilized. With a purchased collar option strategy, the Company writes a local currency call option and purchases a local currency put option. As compared to a purchased put option strategy alone, a purchased collar strategy reduces the upfront costs associated with purchasing puts through the collection of premium by writing call options. If the U.S. dollar weakens relative to the currency of the hedged anticipated sales, the purchased put option value of the collar strategy reduces to zero and the Company benefits from the increase in the U.S. dollar equivalent value of its anticipated foreign currency cash flows, however this benefit would be capped at the strike level of the written call. If the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the currency of the hedged anticipated sales, the written call option value of the collar strategy reduces to zero and the changes in the purchased put cash flows of the collar strategy would offset the decline in the expected future U.S. dollar equivalent cash flows of the hedged foreign currency sales.
The Company may also utilize forward contracts in its revenue hedging program. If the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the currency of the hedged anticipated sales, the increase in the fair value of the forward contracts offsets the decrease in the expected future U.S. dollar cash flows of the hedged foreign currency sales. Conversely, if the U.S. dollar weakens, the decrease in the fair value of the forward contracts offsets the increase in the value of the anticipated foreign currency cash flows.
The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain positions) or liabilities (loss positions) in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts are recorded each period in either current earnings or OCI, depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if so, the type of hedge transaction. For derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts is recorded in AOCI and reclassified into Sales when the hedged anticipated revenue is recognized. The hedge relationship is highly effective and hedge ineffectiveness has been de minimis. For those derivatives which are not designated as cash flow hedges, but serve as economic hedges of forecasted sales, unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Sales each period. The cash flows from both designated and non-designated contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.
The primary objective of the balance sheet risk management program is to mitigate the exposure of foreign currency denominated net monetary assets of foreign subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar is the functional currency from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange. In these instances, Merck principally utilizes forward exchange contracts, which enable the Company to buy and sell foreign currencies in the future at fixed exchange rates and economically offset the consequences of changes in foreign exchange from the monetary assets. Merck routinely enters into contracts to offset the effects of exchange on exposures denominated in developed country currencies, primarily the euro and Japanese yen. For exposures in developing country currencies, the Company will enter into forward contracts to partially offset the effects of exchange on exposures when it is deemed economical to do so based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers the magnitude of the exposure, the volatility of the exchange rate and the cost of the hedging instrument. The Company will also minimize the effect of exchange on monetary assets and liabilities by managing operating activities and net asset positions at the local level.
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in spot rates reported in Other (income) expense, net. The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through Other (income) expense, net. Accordingly, fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, except to the extent of the spot-forward differences. These differences are not significant due to the short-term nature of the contracts, which typically have average maturities at inception of less than one year.
The Company also uses forward exchange contracts to hedge its net investment in foreign operations against movements in exchange rates. The forward contracts are designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. The Company hedges a portion of the net investment in certain of its foreign operations and measures ineffectiveness based upon changes in spot foreign exchange rates. The effective portion of the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts is recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI, and remains in AOCI until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as investing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
Foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of foreign currency debt. The Company’s senior unsecured euro-denominated notes have been designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. Accordingly, foreign currency transaction gains or losses due to spot rate fluctuations on the euro-denominated debt instruments are included in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI. Included in the cumulative translation adjustment are pretax losses of $84 million in 2013 and $31 million in 2012 and pretax gains of $6 million in 2011 from the euro-denominated notes.
Interest Rate Risk Management
The Company may use interest rate swap contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and to reduce its overall cost of borrowing. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and, in general, does not leverage any of its investment activities that would put principal capital at risk.
During 2013, the Company entered into 15 pay-floating, receive-fixed interest rate swap contracts designated as fair value hedges of fixed-rate notes in which the notional amounts match the amount of the hedged fixed-rate notes. There are four swaps maturing in 2016 with notional amounts of $250 million each that effectively convert the Company’s 0.70% fixed-rate notes due in 2016 to floating-rate instruments; four swaps maturing in 2018 with notional amounts of $250 million each that effectively convert the Company’s 1.30% fixed-rate notes due in 2018 to floating-rate instruments; four swaps maturing in 2017, one with a notional amount of $200 million, two with notional amounts of $250 million each, and one with a notional amount of $300 million, that effectively convert the Company’s 6.00% fixed-rate notes due in 2017 to floating-rate instruments; and three swaps maturing in 2019, two with notional amounts of $200 million each, and one with a notional amount of $150 million, that effectively convert a portion of the Company’s 5.00% notes due in 2019 to floating rate instruments. The interest rate swap contracts are designated hedges of the fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the benchmark London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) swap rate. The fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the LIBOR are recorded in interest expense and offset by the fair value changes in the swap contracts. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
There were no interest rate swaps outstanding as of December 31, 2012. During 2011, the Company terminated pay-floating, receive-fixed interest rate swap contracts designated as fair value hedges of fixed-rate notes in which the notional amounts match the amount of the hedged fixed-rate notes. These swaps effectively converted certain of its fixed-rate notes to floating-rate instruments. The interest rate swap contracts were designated hedges of the fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the benchmark LIBOR swap rate. As a result of the swap terminations, the Company received $288 million in cash, which included $43 million in accrued interest. The corresponding $245 million basis adjustment of the debt associated with the terminated interest rate swap contracts was deferred and is being amortized as a reduction of interest expense over the respective term of the notes. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31:
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2013 | | 2012 |
| | | Fair Value of Derivative | | U.S. Dollar Notional | | Fair Value of Derivative | | U.S. Dollar Notional |
| Balance Sheet Caption | | Asset | | Liability | | Asset | | Liability | |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest rate swap contracts (non-current) | Other assets | | $ | 13 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 1,550 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
Interest rate swap contracts (non-current) | Other noncurrent liabilities | | — |
| | 25 |
| | 2,000 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Foreign exchange contracts (current) | Deferred income taxes and other current assets | | 493 |
| | — |
| | 4,427 |
| | 281 |
| | — |
| | 6,646 |
|
Foreign exchange contracts (non-current) | Other assets | | 515 |
| | — |
| | 6,676 |
| | 387 |
| | — |
| | 5,989 |
|
Foreign exchange contracts (current) | Accrued and other current liabilities | | — |
| | 19 |
| | 1,659 |
| | — |
| | 13 |
| | 938 |
|
| | | $ | 1,021 |
| | $ | 44 |
| | $ | 16,312 |
| | $ | 668 |
| | $ | 13 |
| | $ | 13,573 |
|
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign exchange contracts (current) | Deferred income taxes and other current assets | | $ | 69 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 5,705 |
| | $ | 55 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 4,548 |
|
Foreign exchange contracts (non-current) | Other assets | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8 |
| | — |
| | 232 |
|
Foreign exchange contracts (current) | Accrued and other current liabilities | | — |
| | 140 |
| | 7,892 |
| | — |
| | 216 |
| | 8,203 |
|
| | | $ | 69 |
| | $ | 140 |
| | $ | 13,597 |
| | $ | 63 |
| | $ | 216 |
| | $ | 12,983 |
|
| | | $ | 1,090 |
| | $ | 184 |
| | $ | 29,909 |
| | $ | 731 |
| | $ | 229 |
| | $ | 26,556 |
|
As noted above, the Company records its derivatives on a gross basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has master netting agreements with several of its financial institution counterparties (see Concentrations of Credit Risk below). The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes at December 31:
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2013 | | 2012 |
| Asset | | Liability | | Asset | | Liability |
Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet | $ | 1,090 |
| | $ | 184 |
| | $ | 731 |
| | $ | 229 |
|
Gross amount subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet | (147 | ) | | (147 | ) | | (195 | ) | | (195 | ) |
Cash collateral (received) posted | (652 | ) | | — |
| | (305 | ) | | — |
|
Net amounts | $ | 291 |
| | $ | 37 |
| | $ | 231 |
| | $ | 34 |
|
The table below provides information on the location and pretax gain or loss amounts for derivatives that are: (i) designated in a fair value hedging relationship, (ii) designated in a foreign currency cash flow hedging relationship, (iii) designated in a foreign currency net investment hedging relationship and (iv) not designated in a hedging relationship:
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| | | | | | | | | | | |
Years Ended December 31 | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2011 |
Derivatives designated in a fair value hedging relationship | | | | | |
Interest rate swap contracts | | | | | |
Amount of loss (gain) recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives (1) | $ | 12 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (196 | ) |
Amount of (gain) loss recognized in Other (income) expense, net on hedged item (1) | (14 | ) | | — |
| | 196 |
|
Derivatives designated in foreign currency cash flow hedging relationships | | | | | |
Foreign exchange contracts | | | | | |
Amount of loss reclassified from AOCI to Sales | 45 |
| | 50 |
| | 85 |
|
Amount of (gain) loss recognized in OCI on derivatives | (306 | ) | | 204 |
| | 143 |
|
Derivatives designated in foreign currency net investment hedging relationships | | | | | |
Foreign exchange contracts | | | | | |
Amount of gain recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives (2) | (10 | ) | | (20 | ) | | (10 | ) |
Amount of (gain) loss recognized in OCI on derivatives | (363 | ) | | (208 | ) | | 122 |
|
Derivatives not designated in a hedging relationship | | | | | |
Foreign exchange contracts | | | | | |
Amount of loss (gain) recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives (3) | 183 |
| | 382 |
| | (113 | ) |
Amount of loss recognized in Sales | 8 |
| | 30 |
| | — |
|
| |
(1) | There was $2 million of ineffectiveness on the hedge during 2013. |
| |
(2) | There was no ineffectiveness on the hedge. Represents the amount excluded from hedge effectiveness testing. |
| |
(3) | These derivative contracts mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. |
At December 31, 2013, the Company estimates $66 million of pretax net unrealized gains on derivatives maturing within the next 12 months that hedge foreign currency denominated sales over that same period will be reclassified from AOCI to Sales. The amount ultimately reclassified to Sales may differ as foreign exchange rates change. Realized gains and losses are ultimately determined by actual exchange rates at maturity.
Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Information on available-for-sale investments at December 31 is as follows:
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2013 | | 2012 |
| Fair Value | | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized | | Fair Value | | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized |
| Gains | | Losses | | Gains | | Losses |
Corporate notes and bonds | $ | 7,054 |
| | $ | 7,037 |
| | $ | 32 |
| | $ | (15 | ) | | $ | 5,063 |
| | $ | 5,013 |
| | $ | 52 |
| | $ | (2 | ) |
Asset-backed securities | 1,300 |
| | 1,303 |
| | 1 |
| | (4 | ) | | 837 |
| | 835 |
| | 3 |
| | (1 | ) |
U.S. government and agency securities | 1,236 |
| | 1,239 |
| | 1 |
| | (4 | ) | | 1,206 |
| | 1,204 |
| | 2 |
| | — |
|
Commercial paper | 1,206 |
| | 1,206 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,150 |
| | 2,150 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Mortgage-backed securities | 476 |
| | 479 |
| | 2 |
| | (5 | ) | | 435 |
| | 436 |
| | 2 |
| | (3 | ) |
Foreign government bonds | 125 |
| | 126 |
| | — |
| | (1 | ) | | 108 |
| | 107 |
| | 1 |
| | — |
|
Equity securities | 471 |
| | 397 |
| | 74 |
| | — |
| | 403 |
| | 370 |
| | 33 |
| | — |
|
| $ | 11,868 |
| | $ | 11,787 |
| | $ | 110 |
| | $ | (29 | ) | | $ | 10,202 |
| | $ | 10,115 |
| | $ | 93 |
| | $ | (6 | ) |
Available-for-sale debt securities included in Short-term investments totaled $1.9 billion at December 31, 2013. Of the remaining debt securities, $8.8 billion mature within five years. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, there were no debt securities pledged as collateral.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company uses a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest:
Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 assets are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation.
If the inputs used to measure the financial assets and liabilities fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.
Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31 are summarized below:
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fair Value Measurements Using | | Fair Value Measurements Using |
| Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | | Total | | Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | | Total |
| 2013 | | 2012 |
Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Investments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Corporate notes and bonds | $ | — |
| | $ | 7,054 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 7,054 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 5,063 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 5,063 |
|
Asset-backed securities (1) | — |
| | 1,300 |
| | — |
| | 1,300 |
| | — |
| | 837 |
| | — |
| | 837 |
|
U.S. government and agency securities | — |
| | 1,236 |
| | — |
| | 1,236 |
| | — |
| | 1,206 |
| | — |
| | 1,206 |
|
Commercial paper | — |
| | 1,206 |
| | — |
| | 1,206 |
| | — |
| | 2,150 |
| | — |
| | 2,150 |
|
Mortgage-backed securities (1) | — |
| | 476 |
| | — |
| | 476 |
| | — |
| | 435 |
| | — |
| | 435 |
|
Foreign government bonds | — |
| | 125 |
| | — |
| | 125 |
| | — |
| | 108 |
| | — |
| | 108 |
|
Equity securities | 238 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 238 |
| | 196 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 196 |
|
| 238 |
| | 11,397 |
| | — |
| | 11,635 |
| | 196 |
| | 9,799 |
| | — |
| | 9,995 |
|
Other assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Securities held for employee compensation | 186 |
| | 47 |
| | — |
| | 233 |
| | 169 |
| | 38 |
| | — |
| | 207 |
|
Derivative assets (2) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Purchased currency options | — |
| | 868 |
| | — |
| | 868 |
| | — |
| | 546 |
| | — |
| | 546 |
|
Forward exchange contracts | — |
| | 209 |
| | — |
| | 209 |
| | — |
| | 185 |
| | — |
| | 185 |
|
Interest rate swaps | — |
| | 13 |
| | — |
| | 13 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| — |
| | 1,090 |
| | — |
| | 1,090 |
| | — |
| | 731 |
| | — |
| | 731 |
|
Total assets | $ | 424 |
| | $ | 12,534 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 12,958 |
| | $ | 365 |
| | $ | 10,568 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 10,933 |
|
Liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivative liabilities (2) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Forward exchange contracts | $ | — |
| | $ | 134 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 134 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 216 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 216 |
|
Written currency options | — |
| | 25 |
| | — |
| | 25 |
| | — |
| | 13 |
| | — |
| | 13 |
|
Interest rate swaps | — |
| | 25 |
| | — |
| | 25 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Total liabilities | $ | — |
| | $ | 184 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 184 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 229 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 229 |
|
| |
(1) | Primarily all of the asset-backed securities are highly-rated (Standard & Poor’s rating of AAA and Moody’s Investors Service rating of Aaa), secured primarily by credit card, auto loan, and home equity receivables, with weighted-average lives of primarily 5 years or less. Mortgage-backed securities represent AAA-rated securities issued or unconditionally guaranteed as to payment of principal and interest by U.S. government agencies. |
| |
(2) | The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant. |
There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2013. As of December 31, 2013, Cash and cash equivalents of $15.6 billion included $14.7 billion of cash equivalents (considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy). The Company has liabilities related to contingent consideration (considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy) associated with business combinations, the fair values of which were $69 million and $49 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
Other Fair Value Measurements
Some of the Company’s financial instruments, such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables, are reflected in the balance sheet at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature.
The estimated fair value of loans payable and long-term debt (including current portion) at December 31, 2013, was $25.5 billion compared with a carrying value of $25.1 billion and at December 31, 2012, was $22.8 billion compared with a carrying value of $20.6 billion. Fair value was estimated using recent observable market prices and would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with corporate and government issuers of securities and financial institutions with which it conducts business. Credit exposure limits are established to limit a concentration with any single issuer or institution. Cash and investments are placed in instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in the Company’s investment policy guidelines. Approximately one-third of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents are invested in five highly rated money market funds.
The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable arise from product sales in the United States and Europe and are primarily due from drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies, managed health care providers and pharmacy benefit managers. The Company monitors the financial performance and creditworthiness of its customers so that it can properly assess and respond to changes in their credit profile. The Company also continues to monitor economic conditions, including the volatility associated with international sovereign economies, and associated impacts on the financial markets and its business, taking into consideration global economic conditions and the ongoing sovereign debt issues in certain European countries. The Company continues to monitor the credit and economic conditions within Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal, among other members of the EU. These economic conditions, as well as inherent variability of timing of cash receipts, have resulted in, and may continue to result in, an increase in the average length of time that it takes to collect accounts receivable outstanding. As such, time value of money discounts have been recorded for those customers for which collection of accounts receivable is expected to be in excess of one year. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, Other assets included $275 million and $473 million, respectively, of accounts receivable not expected to be collected within one year. The Company does not expect to have write-offs or adjustments to accounts receivable which would have a material adverse effect on its financial position, liquidity or results of operations.
As of December 31, 2013, the Company’s accounts receivable in Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal totaled approximately $900 million. Of this amount, hospital and public sector receivables were approximately $600 million in the aggregate, of which approximately 9%, 41%, 40% and 10% related to Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, the Company’s total accounts receivable outstanding for more than one year were approximately $200 million, of which approximately 50% related to accounts receivable in Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal, mostly comprised of hospital and public sector receivables.
During 2013, the Company completed non-recourse factorings of approximately $210 million of hospital and public sector receivables in Spain. During 2012, the Company collected approximately $500 million of accounts receivable in connection with the Spanish government’s debt stabilization/stimulus plan. In addition, the Company completed non-recourse factorings of approximately $230 million in 2012 of hospital and public sector accounts receivable in Italy.
Additionally, the Company continues to expand in the emerging markets. Payment terms in these markets tend to be longer, resulting in an increase in accounts receivable balances in certain of these markets.
The Company’s customers with the largest accounts receivable balances are: AmerisourceBergen Corporation, Cardinal Health, Inc., McKesson Corporation, Zuellig Pharma Ltd. (Asia Pacific) and Alliance Healthcare, which represented, in aggregate, approximately one-fourth of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2013. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of its customers to which it grants credit terms in the normal course of business. Bad debts have been minimal. The Company does not normally require collateral or other security to support credit sales.
Derivative financial instruments are executed under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreements. The master agreements with several of the Company’s financial institution counterparties also include credit support annexes. These annexes contain provisions that require collateral to be exchanged depending on the value of the derivative assets and liabilities, the Company’s credit rating, and the credit rating of the counterparty. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had received cash collateral of $652 million and $305 million, respectively, from various counterparties and the obligation to return such collateral is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities. The Company had not advanced any cash collateral to counterparties as of December 31, 2013 or 2012.
