Note 9. Financial Instruments
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments:
Derivative instruments were recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 as follows:
2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||||
Derivative | Derivative | Derivative | Derivative | |||||||||||||
Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities | |||||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||||
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |
||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts |
$ | 3 | $ | 11 | $ | 6 | $ | 10 | ||||||||
Commodity contracts |
2 | 3 | 3 | 34 | ||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts |
209 | – | 16 | – | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
$ | 214 | $ | 14 | $ | 25 | $ | 44 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |
||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts |
$ | 84 | $ | 8 | $ | 16 | $ | 33 | ||||||||
Commodity contracts |
60 | 51 | 106 | 103 | ||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts |
64 | 38 | 93 | 61 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
$ | 208 | $ | 97 | $ | 215 | $ | 197 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Total fair value |
$ | 422 | $ | 111 | $ | 240 | $ | 241 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
During 2013 and 2012, derivatives designated as hedging instruments include cash flow and fair value hedges and derivatives not designated include economic hedges. Non-U.S. debt designated as a hedge of our net investments in foreign operations is not reflected in the table above, but is included in long-term debt summarized in Note 8, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. We record derivative assets and liabilities on a gross basis in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of our asset derivatives is recorded within other current assets and the fair value of our liability derivatives is recorded within other current liabilities.
The fair value (asset / (liability)) of our derivative instruments at December 31, 2013 were determined using:
Quoted Prices in | ||||||||||||||||
Active Markets | Significant | Significant | ||||||||||||||
Total | for Identical | Other Observable | Unobservable | |||||||||||||
Fair Value of Net | Assets | Inputs | Inputs | |||||||||||||
Asset / (Liability) | (Level 1) | (Level 2) | (Level 3) | |||||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts |
$ | 68 | $ | – | $ | 68 | $ | – | ||||||||
Commodity contracts |
8 | (4 | ) | 12 | – | |||||||||||
Interest rate contracts |
235 | – | 235 | – | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Total derivatives |
$ | 311 | $ | (4 | ) | $ | 315 | $ | – | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The fair value (asset / (liability)) of our derivative instruments at December 31, 2012 were determined using:
Quoted Prices in | ||||||||||||||||
Active Markets | Significant | Significant | ||||||||||||||
Total | for Identical | Other Observable | Unobservable | |||||||||||||
Fair Value of Net | Assets | Inputs | Inputs | |||||||||||||
Asset / (Liability) | (Level 1) | (Level 2) | (Level 3) | |||||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts |
$ | (21 | ) | $ | – | $ | (21 | ) | $ | – | ||||||
Commodity contracts |
(28 | ) | (53 | ) | 25 | – | ||||||||||
Interest rate contracts |
48 | – | 48 | – | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Total derivatives |
$ | (1 | ) | $ | (53 | ) | $ | 52 | $ | – | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Level 1 financial assets and liabilities consist of exchange-traded commodity futures and listed options. The fair value of these instruments is determined based on quoted market prices on commodity exchanges. Our exchange-traded derivatives are generally subject to master netting arrangements which permit net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty when certain criteria are met, such as in the event of default. We are also required to maintain cash margin accounts in connection with funding the settlement of our open positions and the margin requirements generally fluctuate daily based on market conditions. We have recorded margin deposits related to our exchange-traded derivatives of $22 million as of December 31, 2013 and $107 million as of December 31, 2012 within other current assets. Based on our net asset or liability positions with individual counterparties, in the event of default and immediate net settlement of all of our open positions, as of December 31, 2013, our counterparties would owe us a total of $7 million, and as of December 31, 2012, all of our net derivative liabilities were fully offset by either our derivative assets or margin accounts held by counterparties.
Level 2 financial assets and liabilities consist primarily of over-the-counter (“OTC”) foreign exchange forwards, options and swaps; commodity forwards and options; and interest rate swaps. Our foreign currency contracts are valued using an income approach based on observable market forward rates less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount. Commodity derivatives are valued using an income approach based on the observable market commodity index prices less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount or based on pricing models that rely on market observable inputs such as commodity prices. Our calculation of the fair value of interest rate swaps is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the observable market interest rate curve. Our calculation of the fair value of financial instruments takes into consideration the risk of nonperformance, including counterparty credit risk. Our OTC derivative transactions are governed by International Swap Dealers Association (“ISDA”) agreements and other standard industry contracts. Under these agreements, we do not post nor require collateral from our counterparties. Substantially all of our commodity OTC derivatives do not have a legal right of set-off. In connection with our OTC derivatives that could be net-settled in the event of default, assuming all parties were to fail to comply with the terms of the agreements, for derivatives we have in a net liability position, we would owe $47 million as of December 31, 2013 and $88 million as of December 31, 2012, and for derivatives we have in a net asset position, our counterparties would owe us a total of $349 million as of December 31, 2013 and $114 million as of December 31, 2012. We manage the credit risk in connection with these and all our derivatives by entering into transactions with counterparties with investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of exposure with each counterparty and monitoring the financial condition of our counterparties.
Derivative Volume:
The net notional values of our derivative instruments as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 were:
Notional Amount | ||||||||
2013 | 2012 | |||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts: |
||||||||
Intercompany loans and forecasted interest payments |
$ | 4,369 | $ | 3,743 | ||||
Forecasted transactions |
2,565 | 1,663 | ||||||
Commodity contracts |
805 | 620 | ||||||
Interest rate contracts |
2,273 | 2,259 | ||||||
Net investment hedge – euro notes |
4,466 | 1,121 | ||||||
Net investment hedge – pound sterling notes |
1,076 | 1,057 |
Cash Flow Hedges:
Cash flow hedge activity, net of taxes, within accumulated other comprehensive earnings / (losses) included:
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||
Accumulated gain / (loss) at January 1 |
$ | (38 | ) | $ | (297 | ) | $ | 79 | ||||
Transfer of realized (gains) / losses |
53 | 312 | 118 | |||||||||
Unrealized gain / (loss) in fair value |
102 | (75 | ) | (444 | ) | |||||||
Discontinued operations |
– | (134 | ) | (50 | ) | |||||||
Impact of Spin-Off |
– | 156 | – | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Accumulated gain / (loss) at December 31 |
$ | 117 | $ | (38 | ) | $ | (297 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
After-tax gains / (losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings / (losses) into net earnings from continuing operations were:
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts – intercompany loans |
$ | – | $ | – | $ | 2 | ||||||
Foreign exchange contracts – forecasted transactions |
(26 | ) | 58 | (38 | ) | |||||||
Commodity contracts |
(23 | ) | (10 | ) | 19 | |||||||
Interest rate contracts |
(4 | ) | (360 | ) | (101 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Total |
$ | (53 | ) | $ | (312 | ) | $ | (118 | ) | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
After-tax gains / (losses) recognized in other comprehensive earnings / (losses) from continuing operations were:
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts – intercompany loans |
$ | – | $ | – | $ | 1 | ||||||
Foreign exchange contracts – forecasted transactions |
(23 | ) | (16 | ) | 12 | |||||||
Commodity contracts |
3 | (24 | ) | (22 | ) | |||||||
Interest rate contracts |
122 | (35 | ) | (435 | ) | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Total |
$ | 102 | $ | (75 | ) | $ | (444 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pre-tax gains / (losses) on ineffectiveness recognized in net earnings from continuing operations were:
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||
Commodity contracts |
$ | 1 | $ | (3 | ) | $ | (4 | ) | ||||
Interest rate contracts |
– | (23 | ) | (2 | ) | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Total |
$ | 1 | $ | (26 | ) | $ | (6 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pre-tax gains / (losses) on amounts excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in net earnings from continuing operations were:
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||
Commodity contracts |
$ | – | $ | – | $ | (17 | ) | |||||
Interest rate contracts |
– | (556 | ) | (156 | ) | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Total |
$ | – | $ | (556 | ) | $ | (173 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
In 2012, we recognized a pre-tax loss of $556 million in interest and other expenses, net related to certain forward-starting interest rate swaps for which the planned timing of the related forecasted debt was changed in connection with our Spin-Off plans and related debt capitalization plans. In 2011, we recognized a loss of $157 million related to several interest rate swaps that settled in November 2011. We recognized the loss in earnings as the timing of the related forecasted debt changed.
We record pre-tax (i) gains or losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings / (losses) into earnings, (ii) gains or losses on ineffectiveness, and (iii) gains or losses on amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in:
• | cost of sales for commodity contracts; |
• | cost of sales for foreign exchange contracts related to forecasted transactions; and |
• | interest and other expense, net for interest rate contracts and foreign exchange contracts related to intercompany loans. |
We expect to transfer unrealized losses of $2 million (net of taxes) for commodity cash flow hedges, unrealized losses of $6 million (net of taxes) for foreign currency cash flow hedges and unrealized losses of $1 million (net of taxes) for interest rate cash flow hedges to earnings during the next 12 months.
As of December 31, 2013, we hedged transactions forecasted to impact cash flows over the following periods:
• | commodity transactions for periods not exceeding the next 12 months; |
• | interest rate transactions for periods not exceeding the next 32 years and 2 months; and |
• | foreign currency transactions for periods not exceeding the next 12 months. |
Fair Value Hedges:
Pre-tax gains / (losses) from continuing operations due to changes in fair value of our interest rate swaps and related hedged long-term debt were recorded in interest and other expense, net:
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||
Derivatives |
$ | – | $ | (2 | ) | $ | (6 | ) | ||||
Borrowings |
– | 2 | 6 |
Economic Hedges:
Pre-tax gains / (losses) recorded in net earnings from continuing operations for economic hedges which are not designated as hedging instruments were:
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | Location of Gain / (Loss) Recognized in Earnings |
|||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts: |
||||||||||||||
Intercompany loans and forecasted interest payments |
$ | 18 | $ | 24 | $ | 34 | Interest expense | |||||||
Forecasted transactions |
65 | 7 | 4 | Cost of sales | ||||||||||
Forecasted transactions |
9 | (17 | ) | 3 | Interest expense | |||||||||
Forecasted transactions |
4 | – | – | Selling, general and administrative expenses |
||||||||||
Interest rate contracts |
– | 3 | (3 | ) | Interest expense | |||||||||
Commodity contracts |
65 | 100 | 135 | Cost of sales | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Total |
$ | 161 | $ | 117 | $ | 173 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations:
After-tax gains / (losses) from continuing operations related to hedges of net investments in foreign operations in the form of euro and pound sterling-denominated debt were:
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | Location of Gain / (Loss) Recognized in AOCI |
|||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Euro notes |
$ | (50 | ) | $ | (41 | ) | $ | 77 | Currency Translation |
|||||
Pound sterling notes |
(13 | ) | (29 | ) | 3 | Adjustment |