Use of estimates

In preparing our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make accounting estimates based on assumptions, judgments and projections of future results of operations and cash flows. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements. The most critical estimates relate to the assumptions underlying the benefit obligations of our pension and other postretirement (“OPEB”) benefit plans, the recoverability of deferred income tax assets and the carrying values of our long-lived assets. Estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on a number of factors, including historical experience, recent events, existing conditions, internal budgets and forecasts, projections obtained from industry research firms and other data that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Fresh start accounting

As discussed in Note 1, “Organization and Basis of Presentation – Basis of presentation,” we applied fresh start accounting as of the December 31, 2010 Convenience Date. Under fresh start accounting, the reorganization value, as derived from the enterprise value established in the Plans of Reorganization, was allocated to our assets and liabilities based on their fair values (except for deferred income taxes and pension and OPEB benefit obligations) in accordance with FASB ASC 805, “Business Combinations,” with the excess of net asset values over the reorganization value recorded as an adjustment to equity. The amount of deferred income taxes recorded was determined in accordance with FASB ASC 740, “Income Taxes” (“FASB ASC 740”). The amount of pension and OPEB benefit obligations recorded was determined in accordance with FASB ASC 715, “Compensation – Retirement Benefits.” Therefore, all assets and liabilities reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2010 were recorded at fair value or, for deferred income taxes and pension and OPEB benefit obligations, in accordance with the respective accounting policy described below. Except for the impact of the application of fresh start accounting on the carrying values of our assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2010, our assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2011 are accounted for based on the significant accounting policies described below.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents generally consist of direct obligations of the U.S. and Canadian governments and their agencies, demand deposits and other short-term, highly liquid securities with a maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase.

Accounts receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at cost, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts that is based on expected collectibility, and such carrying value approximates fair value.

Monetization of notes receivable

We monetized notes receivable using qualified special purpose entities (“QSPEs”) set up in accordance with FASB ASC 860, “Transfers and Servicing” (“FASB ASC 860”). The QSPEs that were established for note monetization purposes have not been consolidated within our financial statements. Our retained interest consists principally of the net excess cash flows (the difference between the interest received on the notes receivable and the interest paid on the debt issued by the QSPE to third parties) and a cash reserve account established at inception. Fair value of our retained interest was estimated based on the present value of future excess cash flows to be received over the life of the notes using management’s best estimate of key assumptions, including credit risk and discount rates. Our retained interest is included in “Other assets” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Excess cash flows revert to us on a quarterly or semi-annual basis. The balance of the cash reserve accounts, if any, reverts to us at the maturity date of the QSPE third-party debt.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value using the average cost method. Cost includes labor, materials and production overhead, which is based on the normal capacity of our production facilities. Unallocated overhead, including production overhead associated with abnormal production levels, is recognized in “Cost of sales, excluding depreciation, amortization and cost of timber harvested” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations when incurred.

Assets held for sale and liabilities associated with assets held for sale

Assets held for sale, net of liabilities associated with assets held for sale, are carried in our Consolidated Balance Sheets at the lower of carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. We cease recording depreciation and amortization when assets are classified as held for sale.

Fixed assets, including timber and timberlands

Fixed assets acquired by the Predecessor Company are stated at their December 31, 2010 carrying values less accumulated depreciation for the current year. Fixed assets acquired by the Successor Company are stated at acquisition cost less accumulated depreciation. The cost of the fixed assets is reduced by any investment tax credits or government capital grants received. Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Repair and maintenance costs, including those associated with planned major maintenance, are expensed as incurred. We capitalize interest on borrowings during the construction period of major capital projects as part of the related asset and amortize the capitalized interest into earnings over the related asset’s remaining useful life. We also capitalize costs related to the acquisition of timber and timberlands and subsequent costs incurred for the planting and growing of timber. The cost generally includes the acquisition cost of land and timber, site preparation and other costs. These costs, excluding land, are expensed at the time the timber is harvested, based on annually determined depletion rates, and are included in “Depreciation, amortization and cost of timber harvested” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Growth and yield models are used to estimate timber volume on our land from year to year. These volumes affect the depletion rates, which are calculated annually based on the capitalized costs and the total timber volume based on the current stage of the growth cycle.

Asset retirement obligations

We record an asset and a liability equal to the fair value of the estimated costs associated with the retirement of long-lived assets where a legal or contractual obligation exists; life of the long-lived asset is determinable; and a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made, even if the timing and/or settlement of the obligation is conditional on a future event that may or may not be within our control. Fair value is established using the discounted cash flow method. The liability is accreted to recognize the passage of time using a credit adjusted risk-free interest rate, and the asset is depreciated over the life of the related equipment or facility. The asset and liability are subsequently adjusted for changes in the amount or timing of the estimated costs.

Environmental costs

We expense environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. These costs are included in “Cost of sales, excluding depreciation, amortization and cost of timber harvested” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Expenditures that extend the life of the related property are capitalized. We determine our liability on a site-by-site basis and record a liability at the time it is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Such accruals are adjusted as further information develops or circumstances change. Costs of future expenditures for environmental remediation obligations are discounted to their present value when the amount and timing of expected cash payments are reliably determinable.

Amortizable intangible assets

Amortizable intangible assets are stated at their December 31, 2010 carrying value less accumulated amortization. Amortization of the water rights is provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets. Intangible assets are grouped with the related long-lived assets when tested for impairment, as described below.

Impairment of long-lived assets

The unit of accounting for impairment testing for long-lived assets is its group, which includes fixed assets, amortizable intangible assets and liabilities directly related to those assets, such as asset retirement obligations (herein defined as “asset group”). For asset groups that are held and used, that group represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other asset groups. For asset groups that are to be disposed of by sale or otherwise, that group represents assets to be disposed of together as a group in a single transaction and liabilities directly associated with those assets that will be transferred in the transaction.

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset group may no longer be recoverable. The recoverability of an asset group that is held and used is tested by comparing the carrying value of the asset group to the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by that asset group. In estimating the undiscounted future cash flows, we use projections of cash flows directly associated with, and which are expected to arise as a direct result of, the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. If there are multiple plausible scenarios for the use and eventual disposition of an asset group, we assess the likelihood of each scenario occurring in order to determine a probability-weighted estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows. The principal assumptions include periods of operation, projections of product pricing, production levels and sales volumes, product costs, market supply and demand, foreign exchange rates, inflation and projected capital spending. Changes in any of these assumptions could have a material effect on the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If it is determined that an asset group is not recoverable, an impairment loss is recognized in the amount that the asset group’s carrying value exceeds its fair value. The fair value of a long-lived asset group is determined in accordance with our accounting policy for fair value measurements, as discussed below. If it is determined that the carrying value of an asset group is recoverable, we review and adjust, as necessary, the estimated useful lives of the assets in the group.

When an asset group meets the criteria for classification as an asset held for sale, an impairment charge is recognized, if necessary, based on the excess of the asset group’s carrying value over the expected net proceeds from the sale (the estimated fair value minus the estimated costs to sell).

Asset groups to be disposed of other than by sale are classified as held and used until the asset group is disposed or use of the asset group has ceased.

Income taxes

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applicable when temporary differences and carryforwards are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are recognized to reduce deferred income tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the likelihood of realization, we consider estimates of future taxable income and tax planning strategies. We have not provided for U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of certain of our foreign subsidiaries, as we have specific plans for the reinvestment of such earnings. We recognize interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits as components of income tax expense.

Pension and OPEB benefit obligations

For our defined benefit plans, we recognize an asset or a liability for pension and OPEB benefit obligations net of the fair value of plan assets. An asset is recognized for a plan’s over-funded status and a liability is recognized for a plan’s under-funded status. Changes in the funding status that have not been recognized in our net periodic benefit costs are reflected as an adjustment to our “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Net periodic benefit costs are recognized as employees render the services necessary to earn the pension and OPEB benefits. Amounts we contribute to our defined contribution plans are expensed as incurred.

Fair value measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, and is based on our principal or most advantageous market for the specific asset or liability. We consider the risk of non-performance of the obligor, which in some cases reflects our own credit risk, in determining fair value. In accordance with FASB ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” we categorize assets and liabilities measured at fair value into one of three different levels depending on the observability of the inputs employed in the measurement. This fair value hierarchy is as follows:

Level  1  –   Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level  2  –   Valuations based on observable inputs, other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted interest or currency exchange rates.

Level  3  –   Valuations based on significant unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, such as discounted cash flow methodologies based on internal cash flow forecasts.

The asset’s or liability’s fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques used in the determination of fair value of our assets and liabilities, when required, maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

Share-based compensation

We amortize the fair value of our stock incentive awards over the requisite service period using the straight-line attribution approach. The requisite service period is reduced for those employees who are retirement eligible at the date of the grant or who will become retirement eligible during the vesting period and who will be entitled to continue vesting in their entire award upon retirement. The fair value of stock options is determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing formula, and the fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and deferred stock units (“DSUs”) is determined based on the market price of a share of AbitibiBowater Inc. common stock on the grant date. We estimate forfeitures of stock incentive awards based on historical experience and recognize compensation cost only for those awards expected to vest. Estimated forfeitures are updated to reflect new information or actual experience, as it becomes available.

The additional paid-in capital (“APIC”) pool represents the excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation that are available to absorb future tax deficiencies. If the amount of future tax deficiencies is greater than the available APIC pool, we record the excess as income tax expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the year ended December 31, 2011, the APIC pool was not sufficient to cover the nominal amount of tax deficiencies recorded. For the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, we had a sufficient APIC pool to cover any tax deficiencies recorded; as a result, these deficiencies did not affect our results of operations. The APIC pool was reset to zero as of December 31, 2010 as a result of the application of fresh start accounting.

We classify the cash flows resulting from the tax benefit that arise from the exercise of stock options and the vesting of RSUs and DSUs that exceed the compensation cost recognized (excess tax benefits) as financing cash flows.

Revenue recognition

Pulp, paper and wood products delivered to our customers in the United States and Canada directly from our mills by either truck or rail are sold with the terms free on board (“FOB”) shipping point. For these sales, revenue is recorded when the product leaves the mill. Pulp and paper products delivered to our international customers by ship are sold with international shipping terms. For these sales, revenue is recorded when risk of loss and title of the product passes to the customer. Sales are reported net of allowances and rebates, and the following criteria must be met before they are recognized: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred and we have no remaining obligations, prices are fixed or determinable and collectibility is reasonably assured.

Income (loss) per share

We calculate basic net income (loss) per share attributable to AbitibiBowater Inc. common shareholders by dividing our net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of outstanding common shares, including outstanding exchangeable shares of the Predecessor Company in 2009 and 2010. We calculate diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to AbitibiBowater Inc. common shareholders by dividing our net income (loss), as adjusted in 2009 and 2010 for the assumed conversion of the pre-petition convertible notes, by the weighted-average number of outstanding common shares, including outstanding exchangeable shares of the Predecessor Company in 2009 and 2010, as adjusted for the incremental shares attributable to the dilutive effects of potentially dilutive securities (such as the pre-petition convertible notes, stock options, RSUs and DSUs). The incremental shares are calculated using the “if converted” method (pre-petition convertible notes) or the treasury stock method (stock options, RSUs and DSUs).

Translation

The functional currency of the majority of our operations is the U.S. dollar. However, some of these operations maintain their books and records in their local currency in accordance with certain statutory requirements. Non-monetary assets and liabilities of these operations and the related income and expense items such as depreciation and amortization are remeasured into U.S. dollars using historical exchange rates. Remaining assets and liabilities are remeasured into U.S. dollars using the exchange rates as of the balance sheet date. Remaining income and expense items are remeasured into U.S. dollars using an average exchange rate for the period. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions and from remeasurement of the balance sheet are reported as “Other expense, net” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The functional currency of all other operations is their local currency. Assets and liabilities of these operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet dates. Income and expense items are translated at average daily or monthly exchange rates for the period. The resulting translation gains or losses are recognized as a component of equity in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss.”

Distribution costs

Shipping and handling costs represent costs associated with shipping products to customers and handling finished goods. Such costs are included in “Distribution costs” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Creditor Protection Proceedings

As discussed in Note 1, “Organization and Basis of Presentation – Basis of presentation,” during the Creditor Protection Proceedings, we applied the guidance in FASB ASC 852, which requires that financial statements distinguish transactions and events that are directly associated with the reorganization process from the ongoing operations of the business.

Reorganization items, net

FASB ASC 852 requires separate disclosure of reorganization items such as certain expenses, provisions for losses and other charges and credits directly associated with or resulting from the reorganization and restructuring of the business that were realized or incurred during the Creditor Protection Proceedings, including the impact of the implementation of the Plans of Reorganization and the application of fresh start accounting. As a result, during the Creditor Protection Proceedings, all charges related to the commencement of an indefinite idling or permanent closure of a mill or a paper machine subsequent to the commencement of the Creditor Protection Proceedings were recorded in “Reorganization items, net,” whereas all charges related to the commencement of an indefinite idling or permanent closure of a mill or a paper machine prior to the commencement of the Creditor Protection Proceedings were recorded in “Closure costs, impairment and other related charges,” both in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The recognition of Reorganization items, net, unless specifically prescribed otherwise by FASB ASC 852, was in accordance with other applicable U.S. GAAP, including accounting for impairments of long-lived assets, accelerated depreciation, severance and termination benefits and costs associated with exit and disposal activities (including costs incurred in a restructuring).

Interest expense

During the Creditor Protection Proceedings, we recorded interest expense on our pre-petition debt obligations only to the extent that: (i) interest would be paid during the Creditor Protection Proceedings or (ii) it was probable that interest would be an allowed priority, secured, or unsecured claim.