9. Retirement Plans
The Company has a defined contribution plan which covers substantially all eligible domestic employees and provides for varying levels of employer matching. Company contributions to this plan were $1.4 million, $1.3 million and $1.2 million for 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
Two of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries have defined benefit pension plans, one plan covering certain of its U.K. employees (the “U.K. Plan”) and the other covering certain of its Norwegian employees (the “Norwegian Plan”). As the Norwegian Plan represents less than three percent of both the Company’s total pension plan liabilities and total pension plan assets, only the schedules of net periodic pension cost (benefit) and changes in benefit obligation and plan assets include combined amounts from the two plans, while all other assumption, detail and narrative information relates solely to the U.K. Plan.
Benefits for the U.K. Plan are based on the average of the employee’s salary for the last three years of employment. Generally, the employee contributes 6.5% to 12.0% and the employer contributes up to 12.0% of pay. Plan assets are primarily invested in unitized pension funds managed by U.K. registered fund managers. The most recent valuation of the U.K. Plan was performed as of December 31, 2012. Estimated annual defined benefit pension plan contributions are assumed to be consistent with the current expected contribution level of $1.1 million.
Pension benefit costs and liabilities are dependent on assumptions used in calculating such amounts. The primary assumptions include factors such as discount rates, expected investment return on plan assets, mortality rates and retirement rates. The discount rate assumption used to determine end of year benefit obligations was 4.3%. These rates are reviewed annually and adjusted to reflect current conditions. These rates are determined appropriate based on reference to yields. The compensation increase rate of 2.7% per year is based on historical experience. The expected return on plan assets of 5.7% for 2013 is derived from detailed periodic studies, which include a review of asset allocation strategies, anticipated future long-term performance of individual asset classes, risks (standard deviations) and correlations of returns among the asset classes that comprise the plans’ asset mix. While the studies give appropriate consideration to recent plan performance and historical returns, the assumptions are primarily long-term, prospective rates of return. Mortality and retirement rates are based on actual and anticipated plan experience. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, actual results that differ from the assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, generally affect recognized expense and the recorded obligation in future periods. While management believes that the assumptions used are appropriate, differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions may affect pension and postretirement obligation and future expense.
Net pension cost included the following components for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):
2012 | 2011 | 2010 | ||||||||||
Net periodic pension cost (benefit): |
||||||||||||
Service cost |
1,032 | 886 | 835 | |||||||||
Interest cost |
3,588 | 3,842 | 3,672 | |||||||||
Expected return on plan assets |
(3,174 | ) | (3,744 | ) | (3,603 | ) | ||||||
Amortization of prior service cost |
(97 | ) | (98 | ) | (94 | ) | ||||||
Amortization of net actuarial loss |
941 | 652 | 1,085 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Net periodic pension cost (benefit) |
$ | 2,290 | $ | 1,538 | $ | 1,895 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
The weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31, are as follows:
2012 | 2011 | |||||||
Discount rate |
4.3 | % | 5.0 | % | ||||
Rate of compensation increase |
2.7 | % | 3.4 | % | ||||
Inflation |
2.7 | % | 2.9 | % |
The weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31, are as follows:
2012 | 2011 | |||||||
Discount rate |
5.0 | % | 5.7 | % | ||||
Expected long-termreturn on plan assets |
5.3 | % | 6.3 | % | ||||
Rate of compensation increase |
3.4 | % | 4.0 | % | ||||
Inflation |
2.9 | % | 3.5 | % |
The plan actuary determines the expected return on plan assets based on a combination of expected yields on equity securities and corporate bonds and considering historical returns.
The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is determined based on the weighted average of expected returns on asset investment categories as follows: 5.7% overall, 7.0% for equities and 3.7% for bonds.
The following table sets forth the changes in the benefit obligation and plan assets for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):
2012 | 2011 | |||||||
Projected benefit obligation: |
||||||||
Beginning of year |
$ | 72,499 | $ | 67,165 | ||||
Service cost |
1,032 | 886 | ||||||
Interest cost |
3,588 | 3,841 | ||||||
Participants’ contributions |
229 | 233 | ||||||
Actuarial loss (gain) |
6,973 | 3,553 | ||||||
Benefits paid |
(2,700 | ) | (2,706 | ) | ||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment and other |
3,437 | (473 | ) | |||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
End of year |
85,058 | 72,499 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
Fair value of plan assets: |
||||||||
Beginning of year |
60,125 | 58,733 | ||||||
Actual gain on plan assets |
4,716 | 2,800 | ||||||
Employer contributions |
1,431 | 1,343 | ||||||
Participants’ contributions |
229 | 233 | ||||||
Benefits paid |
(2,700 | ) | (2,707 | ) | ||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment |
2,721 | (277 | ) | |||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
End of year |
66,522 | 60,125 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
Excess projected obligation under (over) fair value of plan assets at end of year |
$ | (18,536 | ) | $ | (12,374 | ) | ||
|
|
|
|
|||||
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income: |
||||||||
Net actuarial loss |
$ | 22,565 | $ | 17,204 | ||||
Prior service cost (credit) |
(377 | ) | (455 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
Net amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income |
$ | 22,188 | $ | 16,749 | ||||
|
|
|
|
The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income that are expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost during the next fiscal year are $1.3 million for the defined pension plan.
The accumulated benefit obligation for the U.K. Plan was $78.7 million and $64.4 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The U.K. Plan has had no new participants added since the plan was frozen in 1994.
At December 31, 2012, expected future benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are as follows for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):
2013 |
$ | 2,937 | ||
2014 |
3,314 | |||
2015 |
3,358 | |||
2016 |
3,607 | |||
2017 |
3,873 | |||
2017-2021 |
23,647 | |||
|
|
|||
Total |
$ | 40,736 | ||
|
|
The following table summarizes the plan assets of the U.K. Plan measured at fair value on a recurring basis (at least annually) as of December 31, (in thousands):
Asset Category |
Total | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |
Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) (a) |
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (a) |
||||||||||||||
2012: |
||||||||||||||||||
Cash |
$ | 232 | $ | 232 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
Equity securities: |
||||||||||||||||||
U.K. equity (b) |
13,281 | — | 13,281 | — | ||||||||||||||
U.S. equity index (c) |
3,308 | — | 3,308 | — | ||||||||||||||
European equity index (d) |
3,480 | — | — | 3,480 | ||||||||||||||
Pacific rim equity index (e) |
2,698 | — | — | 2,698 | ||||||||||||||
Japanese equity index (f) |
1,976 | — | — | 1,976 | ||||||||||||||
Emerging markets equity index (g) |
1,689 | — | — | 1,689 | ||||||||||||||
Diversified growth fund (h) |
12,057 | — | — | 12,057 | ||||||||||||||
Fixed income securities: |
||||||||||||||||||
Corporate bonds (i) |
12,709 | — | — | 12,709 | ||||||||||||||
U.K. government fixed income securities (j) |
2,557 | — | 2,557 | — | ||||||||||||||
U.K. government index-linked securities (k) |
10,794 | — | 10,794 | — | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
Total as of December 31, 2012 |
$ | 64,781 | $ | 232 | $ | 29,940 | $ | 34,609 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
2011: |
||||||||||||||||||
Cash |
$ | 129 | $ | 129 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
Equity securities: |
||||||||||||||||||
U.K. equity (b) |
12,011 | — | 12,011 | — | ||||||||||||||
U.S. equity index (c) |
2,972 | — | 2,972 | — | ||||||||||||||
European equity index (d) |
2,928 | — | — | 2,928 | ||||||||||||||
Pacific rim equity index (e) |
2,411 | — | — | 2,411 | ||||||||||||||
Japanese equity index (f) |
1,664 | — | — | 1,664 | ||||||||||||||
Emerging markets equity index (g) |
1,429 | — | — | 1,429 | ||||||||||||||
Diversified growth fund (h) |
10,751 | — | — | 10,751 | ||||||||||||||
Fixed income securities: |
||||||||||||||||||
Corporate bonds (i) |
11,981 | — | — | 11,981 | ||||||||||||||
U.K. government fixed income securities (j) |
2,418 | — | 2,418 | — | ||||||||||||||
U.K. government index-linked securities (k) |
9,981 | — | 9,981 | — | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
Total as of December 31, 2011 |
$ | 58,675 | $ | 129 | $ | 27,382 | $ | 31,164 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a) |
The net asset value of the commingled equity and fixed income funds are determined by prices of the underlying securities, less the funds’ liabilities, and then divided by the number of shares outstanding. As the funds are not traded in active markets, the commingled funds are classified as Level 2 or Level 3 assets. The net asset value is corroborated by observable market data (e.g., purchase or sale activities) for Level 2 assets. |
b) |
This category includes investments in U.K. companies and aims to achieve a return that is consistent with the return of the FTSE All-Share Index. |
c) |
This category includes investments in a variety of large and small U.S. companies and aims to achieve a return that is consistent with the return of the FTSE All-World USA Index. |
d) |
This category includes investments in a variety of large and small European companies and aims to achieve a return that is consistent with the return of the FTSE All-World Developed Europe ex-U.K. Index. |
e) |
This category includes investments in a variety of large and small companies across the Australian, Hong Kong, New Zealand and Singapore markets and aims to achieve a return that is consistent with the return of the FTSE-All-World Developed Asia Pacific ex-Japan Index. |
f) |
This category includes investments in a variety of large and small Japanese companies and aims to achieve a return that is consistent with the return of the FTSE All-World Japan Index. |
g) |
This category includes investments in companies in the Emerging Markets to achieve a return that is consistent with the return of the IFC Investable Index ex-Malaysia. |
h) |
This category includes investments in diversified portfolio of equity, bonds, alternatives and cash markets and aims to achieve a return that is consistent with the return of the Libor GBP 3 month +3% Index. |
i) |
This category includes investment grade corporate bonds denominated in sterling and aims to achieve a return consistent with the iBoxx £ Non-Gilts Over 15 Years Index. This index consists of bonds with a maturity period of 15 years or longer. |
j) |
This category includes investments in U.K. government fixed income securities (gilts) that have a maturity period of 25 years or longer and aims to achieve a return consistent with the FTSE UK Gilt Over 25 Years Index. |
k) |
This category includes investments in U.K. government index-linked securities (index-linked gilts) that have a maturity period of 5 years or longer and aims to achieve a return consistent with the FTSE UK Gilts Index-Linked Over 5 Years Index and the FTSE UK Gilts Index-Linked Over 25 Years Index. |
The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the Level 3 assets for the year ended December 31, 2012:
Balance at December 31, 2011 |
$ | 31,164 | ||
Transfers in |
— | |||
Purchases |
341 | |||
Sales |
(1,148 | ) | ||
Unrealized gain (loss) |
2,793 | |||
Foreign currency adjustments |
1,459 | |||
|
|
|||
Balance at December 31, 2012 |
$ | 34,609 | ||
|
|
There were no transfers related to the Company’s Level 3 assets during the years ended December 31, 2012 or 2011.
Investment objectives for the U.K. Plan, as of December 31, 2012, are to:
• |
optimize the long-term return on plan assets at an acceptable level of risk |
• |
maintain a broad diversification across asset classes |
• |
maintain careful control of the risk level within each asset class |
The trustees of the U.K. Plan have established a long-term investment strategy comprising global investment weightings targeted at 40% (range of 37% to 43%) for equity securities, 40% (range of 37% to 43%) for debt securities and 20% (range 17% to 25%) for an actively managed absolute return fund which holds a combination of debt and equity securities. Selection of the targeted asset allocation was based upon a review of the expected return and risk characteristics of each asset class, as well as the correlation of returns among asset classes. Actual allocations to each asset class vary from target allocations due to periodic investment strategy changes, market value fluctuations and the timing of benefit payments and contributions.
The following table sets forth the weighted average asset allocation and target asset allocations for the years ended December 31, by asset category, as of the measurement dates of the plan:
Asset Allocations | Target Asset Allocations | |||||||||||||||
2012 | 2011 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||||||||||
Equity securities |
59.6 | % | 58.2 | % | 40.0 | % | 40.0 | % | ||||||||
Debt securities |
40.4 | % | 41.6 | % | 40.0 | % | 40.0 | % | ||||||||
Other1 |
0.0 | % | 0.2 | % | 20.0 | % | 20.0 | % | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Total |
100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
¹ |
Allocated to an actively managed absolute return fund which holds a combination of equity and debt securities |